All three designations conceal deliberately created and disseminated information that purport to be true. They appear mostly in order to create a sensation, further for example in campaigns with the aim of attracting readers and listeners to one side. They give the impression of being urgent, and usually includes an invitation to further share the message. Sources of information and photos, on the contrary, are mostly missing. An effective defence against them is a verifying information from multiple trusted sources.
The folder in the Czech original contains an introduction of basic concepts and perhaps even slang or sociolect related to the given phenomenon, as well as working and study materials (articles, interviews, presentations,...) and other useful information (films and series, internet portals, books, professional workplaces and organizations, televisual and radio documentaries,...).